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AbstractMom Zard (beeswax) is an animal source of origin medicine which is secreted by wax glands of honey bees. Since ancient periods Unani physicians have been using it as medicinal purpose orally as well as topically as a base of Qairooti (oil+beeswax), Zamad (paste) and Marham (ointment). Ibn-e-Sina (Avicenna) stated that Mom Zard has mainly talyeen (aperient), tahleel-e-auram (resolution of inflammations) and indemal (healing) properties. The effects of mom zard can be attributed to the presence of palmitate, palmitoleate and oleate esters and triacontanyl palmitateto cerotic acid.
The aim of this paper is to highlight the pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications of the Mom Zard as per descriptions in Unani literatures. KeywordsMom Zard, Anti-inflammatory activity, Healing activity, Anti-hemorrhoid Activity IntroductionMom Zard (beeswax) is an animal source of origin medicine which is secreted by wax glands of honey bees. The ancient Persians used wax to embalm the dead, while the ancient Romans modeled death masks and life-size effigies from beeswax. The world mummy derives from a Persian word meaning wax.
In ancient times beeswax was used as an adhesive to join two surfaces together 1. The great Greek physician Discorides wrote of rolling beeswax into sheets which was then used to make artificial flowers 1. The Greek-Roman doctor Galen (2nd AD) used beeswax in a cooling ointment. The famous Iranian physician Avicenna (10th AD) recommended beeswax for medicine 1, 2.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote between 344 and 342 B.C. That beeswax originates in the flowers. This theory, which was supported by the Roman apiculturists and writers Varro (116 to 27 B.C.) and Pliny, the Elder (23 to 79 A.D.), predominated until the Renaissance. Swammmerdam wrote in 1673 that wax was prepared by bees from pollen. In 1684 Martin John observed for the first time wax scales.
In 1744 the German scientist Hornbostel reported that bees themselves produce the wax 3. This report was not considered by the scientific community until the publications by Hunter in 1792 and in 1814 by Huber 4-5. Hunter noted that bees secrete wax and build combs, and also, that newly built combs are white 4. He observed that bees do not need pollen to make wax 4.
The views of Hunter were expanded by Huber, who proposed that sugar is needed to produce wax 5. In 1903 the process of wax synthesis was described in detail by Dreyling 6.Bees wax is used for cosmetics 25-30%, pharmacy 25-30%, candles: 20% and other purposes: 10-20% 7.Cosmetic applications are found in cold creams, moisturizing cream, depilatories (hair removers cream), hair creams, hair conditioners, lip balm, natural lip gloss, lotions, lipstick, mascara, eye shadows, deodorants, Emollient and emulsifier. For the pharmaceutical purpose beeswax are used in drugs, pills, capsules, salve and ointments as consistency, binding agent, time release mechanism and carrier of drug 1. Vernacular Name 8-13Unani: Qairoos, BairoosArabi: ShamaPersian: Mom ZardHindi: MomEnglish: Bees Wax Chemical FormulaC15H31COOC30H61 DescriptionBeeswax (Cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. The wax is formed by worker bees which secrete it into “scales” from eight wax-producing mirror glands on the inner sides of the sternites (the ventral shield or plate of each segments of the body) on the abdominal segments 4-7.
For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hive must be 33 ºC to 36 ºC (91 ºF to 97 ºF) 14. Mom Zard (Beeswax)Source: The Beeswax Book, Chapter 1, Page No. 14, Bee Product Science, September 2009. Physical PropertiesThe new is initially glass-clear and colorless, becoming opaque after mastication and adulteration with pollen by the hive worker bees.
Also, the wax becomes progressively more yellow or brown by incorporation of pollen oils and propolis. The wax scales are about 3mm (0.12 in) across and 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) thick and about 1100 are required to make a gram of wax. Beeswax has a relative low melting point range of 62 ºC to 64 ºC (144 ºF to 147 ºF). If beeswax is heated above 85 ºC (185 ºF) discoloration occurs.
The flash point of beeswax is 204.4 ºC (400 ºF). Density at 15 ºC is 958 kg / m3 to 970 kg / m3 14-15.The taste of beeswax is normally pleasant and is not specific – any unpleasant taste is a sign of quality deterioration due to foreign matter. Odour should be pleasant and honey-like 15. Identification of Natural BeeswaxWhen cold it is brittle; at ordinary temperatures it is tenacious; its fracture is dry and granular. The specific gravity at 15 ºC (59 ºF) is from 0.958 to 0.975, that of melted wax at 98 ºC to 99 ºC (208.4 to 210.2 ºF) compared with water at 15.5 ºC (59.9 ºF).
It softens when held in the hand, and melts at 62 ºC to 66 ºC (143.6 ºF to 145.4 ºF), it solidifies at 60.5 ºC to 63 ºC (140.9 ºF to 150.8 ºF) 14. Chemical PropertiesChemically, beeswax consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols. Its main components are palmitate, palmitoleate and oleate esters of long-chain (30-32 carbons) aliphatic alcohol, with the ratio of triacontanyl palmitateto cerotic acid. Beeswax can be classified into European and Oriental types. The saponification value is lower (3-5) for European beeswax and higher (8-9) for Oriental types.